Finally I got dfu-programmer working:
$ sudo dfu-programmer at32uc3b0256 get
Bootloader Version: 0x02 (2)
$ sudo dfu-programmer at32uc3b0256 erase
$ sudo dfu-programmer at32uc3b0256 getfuse
Locked regions: 0xffff (65535)
I flashed my nuttx.hex this way:
sudo dfu-programmer at32uc3b0256 flash nuttx.hex
I can start the program running dfu-programmer start:
$ sudo dfu-programmer at32uc3b0256 start
Thanks Raman Gopalan for help!
Also this post helped me a lot: https://hofmeyr.de/avr32%20hello%20world/